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Designing Ecosystem Services: Reservoir Aeration
In a previous blog I described ecosystem services and how we design and manage them. BlueInGreen has been actively designing ecosystem services for several years, using our enhanced oxygen delivery system (SDOX) to provide the right amount of oxygen to the designed ecosystem at the right time. The applications for this process are expanding as our understanding of ecosystem processes increases.
One example of an ecosystem service that we need to manage more explicitly is carbon cycling in reservoirs. These water bodies were constructed to provide a set of services to society (flood control, drinking water, fisheries, recreation). Reservoirs are by definition man-made systems; they are completely artificial, more akin to rivers than lakes in their functioning. They behave like incredibly slow moving rivers. As a result they accumulate organic matter and nutrients. Deeper reservoirs (greater than three or four meters) tend to stratify during the hot summer season, especially in the Southern USA. Sunlight, warm rainwater runoff and warm air temperatures create warm water on the surface of reservoirs starting as early as early as March in places like Florida and Texas. Warm surface water is less dense than the cooler water in the lower (hypolimion) region of the reservoir, resulting in a density-driven stratification of the water body. The water on top of the lake no longer mixes with the water on the bottom. The deeper water is isolated from oxygen in the atmosphere, and is also where all the organic carbon particles tend to settle. Microbes in the hypolimnion consume all the oxygen available to them early in the summer, resulting in anoxic to anaerobic conditions for almost half a year in some systems.
Low oxygen systems are not unknown in ecosystems. Anyone who has hiked or fished in a bayou or swamp has experienced these conditions. Methane and other swamp gasses are common, the water is often murky, and a misplaced foot into the muck releases the hydrogen sulfide trapped there, with its characteristic rotten egg odor. Wetlands provide a great number of our ecosystem services, including nutrient and carbon cycling. These processes are not bad; in fact, they are critical for healthy wetland ecosystems. However, we do not depend on wetlands directly as a source of drinking water. In essence we are creating wetland conditions at the bottoms of our reservoirs.
Anoxic conditions at the bottom of the reservoir would not be a problem if the water in the hypolimnion stayed there. Unfortunately as the weather cools in early fall water on the surface of reservoirs also cools. Eventually the upper and lower water temperatures become close enough that there is no longer a density gradient and the lake “turns over” or mixes. Anyone who lives in a southern city with a reservoir water supply can tell you what happens next. The water tastes like dirt. That taste is the result of all that nutrient-rich water from the lower part of the lake reaching the warmer oxygen rich surface with lots of light. Algal growth abounds. And the algae produce two particularly fowl tasting chemicals: Geosmin and Methyl-Iso-Bornyal (MIB).
Controlling the release of these chemicals requires controlling the growth of algae that produce them. This can be accomplished by controlling the release of nutrients from hypolimnetic waters when the reservoirs turn over. One way to do that is to add oxygen to the hypolimion during the stratified period and therefore create an environment where nutrients are tied up with microbes that are actively consuming the carbon in the bottom of the water column. In addition to tying up nutrients in microbes, oxygenation creates water chemistry conditions that keeps phosphorus bound in the sediment. Thus oxygenation of the hypolimnion has the potential to reduce nutrient release to the surface during reservoir turnover. We have used the SDOX system to successfully do this.
We are currently working to develop methods for successfully oxygenating shallow, weakly stratified reservoirs without mixing the water column and breaking stratification. This is a particularly difficult task that currently is not possible with current technology. However, the SDOX shows promise for solving this problem, if we can get the emitter velocity lowered such that mixing is reduced. This is just one example of how BlueInGreen technologies are providing engineers with new tools to design ecosystem services.
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